1. Aggressing - Aggressive behaviors are usually direct and obvious with motive to control and demean. The abuser assumes a one-up position as a parent would relate to a child, undermining equality and autonomy essential to healthy adult relationships.Examples:
- Accusing
- Threatening
- Ordering
- Destructive criticism
- Cross-examination
2. Denying - Behavior intended to distort and undermine victim invalidates their perceptions of reality. Also, withholding information, refusing to listen and communicate, and withdrawing emotionally as punishment (silent treatment) robs victim of their own voice and identity. A third form of denying is countering where the abuser views the victim as an extension of themselves and disallows feelings and viewpoints differing from their own.
Examples:
King Solomon explains the concept of denying in Proverbs 26:19:
- Abuser says, "I never said that." "I don't know what you're talking about."
- Silent treatment.
- Refusing to answer.
- Leaving the room instead of resolving conflict.
- Withdrawing affection.
"Just as damaging as a madman shooting a deadly weapon is someone who lies to a friend and then says, "I was only joking."3. Minimizing - Abuser questions victim's perception and emotional experience or reaction to an event deeming them faulty, wrong, or untrustworthy. By trivializing the abuser communicates that what another person has said or done is unimportant. With minimizing, the victim's perceptions of reality are invalidated.Example:
- Abuser says, "You're crazy."
- Dismissing feelings
- Abuser says, "You shouldn't feel that way."
*Summary of Emotional Abuse adapted from the booklet entitled, "Emotional Abuse" available from University of Illinois, Urbana-champaign Counseling Center, Department of Student Affairs booklet entitled, Emotional Abuse."